U posljednje dvije decenije mnogo pažnje u modernoj oftalmologiji poklanjano je medikamentoznom liječenju bolesti retine, posebno makularnih degeneracija.
Senilna makularna degeneracija je trenutno najčešći uzrok slabog vida, pa čak i sljepila kod osoba starije životne dobi. U zavisnosti od njihove forme i načina nastanka, ove degeneracije se dijele na dva tipa-suha i vlažna forma.
Suha forma je najčešća forma ove bolesti, odnosno zastupljena je u oko 85-90% svih makularnih degeneracija. Nastaje zbog ateroskleroze kapilarne mreže u samoj makuli, što posljedično dovodi do nakupljanja otpadnog materijala metabolizma ćelija makule (druze), te do njihovog trajnog oštećenja. Pacijent osjeća pogoršanje centralnog vida, tačnije mutninu u vidu „mrlje“ ispred oka koje je zahvaćeno, dok je periferni vid i dalje očuvan. Ova forma makularne degeneracije može preći u vlažnu formu. Nažalost, do sada nije pronađen lijek za suhu degeneraciju makule, ali pacijenti koji je imaju neće ostati slijepi, jer im uvijek ostaje dobro očuvan periferni vid.
Sa druge strane, vlažna forma degeneracije makule je mnogo rjeđa, odnosno javlja se u svega 10-15% slučajeva. Ipak, ova forma ima mnogo bržu progresiju i može dovesti do trajnog gubitka vida, posebno ako se kasno otkrije. Za razliku od suhe forme, kod vlažne forme, uz nakupljanje otpadaka metabolizma, dolazi i do pucanja kapilara makule, odnosno do izlijevanja krvi u samu makulu, ili ispred nje. Zbog toga je gubitak vida praktično trenutan, a u zavisnosti od količine izlivene krvi nastaje i trajno oštećenje vida.
Za razliku od suhe forme, vlažna forma može da se liječi tzv. anti-VEGF lijekovima u vidu injekcija koje se po potrebi mogu davati i po nekoliko puta.
Takođe, vlažna degeneracija makule se često javlja samo na jednom oku.
Terminalne faze obe forme degeneracija makule jeste stvaranje ožiljka u makuli.
U zavisnosti od forme degeneracije ožiljci mogu da budu u vidu geografske atrofije (suha forma), ili glioznog ožiljka (vlažna forma). Trenutno ne postoji metoda kojom bi se ožiljci mogli ukloniti.
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